Frame study of the movie "Modern Times"

Hello! I am divya parmar, writing this blog to complete thinking activity which is given by dilip barad sar. In this blog i discuss the frame study of movie 'Modern Times'. 20th century known as the age of industrialization, rich poor divide and so many things which is held by rich people reflect on Literature. To know the settings of 'Modern Times' hear the link is given:  The settings of 'Modern Times' click here

➡️ Frame study of the movie "Modern Times" by Charlie Chaplin. 

This is the first Frame of the movie. It is a certificate of the movie. In comparison of today's time it is simple and easier certificate. During that time people are not so educated and as similar they also not as much free to think. Also they are not free to raise their voice. So the certifiate of the movie is not as hard to understand.  

Following all three frames shows the diffrent running time. By this metaphor may be the writer or actor or may be direcror wants to show the exately life style of people which running pareral with time or we can say watch. 

The group of ships which walk with together without any sense. Which means they have no logic or any sense to what to do and why to do!

The next frame shows moving group of people which seems like there is nothing differencw between sheeps and people. We can say it time of shiple. Means mans are doing same things without questioning to system. So we can say that the group of people as shiple. 

The game of puzzel at that time symbol of Richness. So in the movie we can find the boss who is at higher authority is playing this kind of puzzle game. May be it can satire on rich people of society! They playing same kind of game with the people who were at worker level in their factories and their houses! 

This is the film scene where the group of the people come out on the road and shows the anger and search for something good.The hero anknowingly became leader of that and send to the jail.

Stealing food and give it to the children this scene played very well. It shows the sutuation of poor or lower class family! The protogonist stele  fruits to eat and also she share this fruits with childen and sisters. Hear a fruit also symbol of richness. Rich people only afford  the fruit as food .

 

 News papers and headings put vry deep effect upon society! Generally we can call it propoganda!It can rush people from hear to there. We can see in contemporary corona timing newspaper became midum to connect with the world. But if we go and check deeply we find that newspaper become midum of politics which breain washes the people. 

This is the certificate which can helps the culprit to resettle their life after their punishment.The protogonist receives that for their good behaviour in jail. 

This is the frame where the hero and heroine both dreamed a little house with facalities and live a happy life. This the symbol of wishing or dream of every lower to be Rich. 

Modern age Literature

Hello! I am divya parmar. I write this blog to complete the task which is given by dilip barad sar. In this blog i cover two topics which are: The setting of the 20th century and The dystopian Literature. To cover both the topics we have to look upon the social conditions of the Modern age.

➡️ Introduction of the Modern Age:

In the modern age plenty of things have happened. There were the two world wars, colonial wars, Russians revolution and so much more, and also plenty of literary movements were going on during the modern age.

The modern age started right after the Victorian age from 1901. So it begins with the start of 20th century and continues till 1965. So with the end of the long reign of queen victoria. The stability and peace of the Victorian age also ended. Modern age was brimming with Chaos, disasters, problems and there was no peace anywhere. The modern age suffered the blow of the first world war and the second world war. 1st world war started in 1914 and continued till 1918. 2nd world war started in 1939 and continued till 1945. 

During that time society became fragmented. people lost faith in God, people lost connection with Nature. There was uncertainty and chaos all around. 

➡️ Highlights of 'The settings' 

It is said that, "Literature is the mirror of the society!" so Literature of the any age shows or portrays the social, economical and political background. Victorian age stand front of Modern age. The settings of the Victorian age are little different from Modern age. Victorians beliefs in tradition, Adhere to certain gender rules, Men had to be strong and women are the homemakers, Relating people to nature. Let's look upon the settings of 20th century. 

1️⃣ Spirit of Interrogation: 

In the modern age no one believed anything without proof and logical reasoning. The scientific revolution and two world wars shook people's belief in church and religion. People Lots faith in God. 

2️⃣ Anxiety & Frustration: 

As people Lost faith in God. There was nothing that could keep them hopeful and Positive moreover there was tremendous devlopment in the field of technology and industry. Modern age is also known as age of machinery. There was compitation between industries which again led to lot of anxiety and frustration. Moreover the after effects of the two world war was Traumatic. Many people Lost their job and there was uncertainty and anxiety all around. so sentiments, emotions, feelings, values all of these lost their importance in the modern age. 

3️⃣ Interest in the working class people: 

In the modern age the working class people were no longer helpless. There was growth in the labour party and the working class people were treated much better and the poor and working class people. In fact became the raw material for realistic dramas and realistic novels. 

4️⃣ Marxism & socialism: 

With the advancement in technology and industry. There were many social and economical changes money became the most important factor. Villages migrated to cities for jobs, economist raised their voice against poverty. Marxism and socialism gained a lot of popularity during the modern age. The Russian revolution of 1917 resulted in the establishment of the communist government. 

5️⃣ Interst in psychology:

Sigmund Freud published "The interpretation of a dreams" in 1900 which resulted in a deep interest in psychology. The Fraudian theory became very popular and influenced many Literary works of the modern age. 

6️⃣ The great depression from 1929 to 1939: 

The first world war resulted in massive destruction and poverty. The aftermath of the first world war was the great depression from 1929 to 1939. Which affected the global economy. It was the worst economical disaster till date. Banks closed, stock market crashed, unemployment all around. 

7️⃣ Power shift from Britain to USA: 

The United States of America participated in the world wars and emerged as a super power. Britain Lots it's economic power. America became the super power. Britain's economy collapsed after the world wars. 

8️⃣ Colonial wars: 

Britain had colonised many countries including India. So modern age was a time when the colonial war happened. Due to which Britain started losing its power. The Boer war of the south african war from 1899 to 1902 was one of the first Colonial wars against Britain. The Indian National Congress founded in 1885. Which dominated India's movement for indipendente from Britain.

9️⃣ Spread of education: 

The education act of 1870 strengthened in the modern age. So now even the poor people had access to education from elementary school to university. Therefore Literacy became the new normal. everyone was allowed to study and therefore, there was mass production of literature and plenty of books were published. 

🔟 Voting rights for women: 

The 1928 act gave women the rights to vote. It is also known as the equal suffered act as women were given electroral  equality with men. So this resulted in being in feminism being one of the most important movements in the modern age. 

Tradition and Individual Talent by T. S. Eliot

               Hello! I am divya parmar. In this blog I m discuss about the essay, " Tradition and Individual Talent" by 'T. S. Eliot'. I am writing this blog to complete the task activity given by dilip sar. 

➡️ Who is T. S. Eliot ? 

               Thomas Stearns Eliot (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965) was a poet, essayist, publisher, playwright, literary critic and editor. Considered one of the 20th century's major poets, he is a central figure in English-language Modernist. 

➡️ Understand of the essay :

              T. S.  Eliot's essay tradition and individual talent which forms an integral part of 20th century literary criticism. 'Traditional and The Individual Talent' is a literary essay written by T. S. Eliot. It was first published in 1919 in the literary journal 'Egoist'. it was later published in Eliot's first book of criticism called the sacred wood. T. S. Eliot has him self confessed that he is "A classicists in Literature A royalist in politics and an Anglo-catholic in religion." In Tradition and the individual talent Eliot discusses his views on poetry and the importance of tradition. 

The essay is devided into 3 parts : 

1. concept of 'Tradition'

2. Theory of 'Impersonal Theory'

3. conclusion

1. Concept of 'Tradition' :

               Eliot Feels that nowadays people tend to look at the word tradition in a very disapproving way. People tend to praise a poet for those elements in his prints that are filled with newness and that differentiates him from others. 

               According to Eliot tradition means a historical sense which compels the poet to write not merely with his own generation in his bones. But with a feeling that the whole of past Literature of Europe, starting from Homer is within him. This historical sense is what makes the writer traditional and it is more important than the individual poet. 

               Historical sense means that the poet should have a sense of the history of poetry. For example,21st century poet like today's poet must know about all the great poets and about all the great points that have been written before him. According to T. S. Eliot. " The must valuable parts of a poet's work are those in which the " The dead poets,his ancestors asserts their immortality vigorously." For example, if a 21st century poet writes a poem that has the reflection of Shakespeare or wordsworth or T. S. Eliot it will be considered a valuable piece of work. people will see that this poem has the reflection of Shakespeare. It feels as is Wordsworth has written it but that does not mean that the point is copping wordsworth or shakespear! It simply means that the poem has the reflection of Shakespeare's work on wordsworth's work. It just reminds people of all those great poets of the past. 

               T. S. Eliot believes that there is a dynamic relationship between the past and present writers. The point will be judged by standards on the past. Eliot wants the poet to merge his personality with the traditional. 

2. Theory of ' Impersonal Theory' 

               According to Eliot In order to create a great poem one should sacrifice one self. Eliot say that the progress of the artist is a  continuous self-sacrifice, a continual extinction of personality. This is called depersonalization: The continual surrender of the personality of the poet to the art and tradition of poetry. Eliot demonstrates this through a chemical reaction. According to Eliot, ' The mind of the poet is like a  catalyst. when a piece of platinum which is the catalyst is introduced in a gas chamber containing oxygen and sulphur dioxide, they combine to form sulphuric acid but the platinum (catalyst) stays unchanged. The mind of the poet is like the catalyst is platinum. The feelings and emotions are oxygen and sulphur dioxide and the result sulphuric acid is the way the mind of the poet creates various compounds but he stays sepreates from the creation according to T. S. Eliot the mind of the poet is "A receptacle for seizing and stroing up countless feelings, images, phrases." 

               It is not the greatness of emotion that matters. But the intensity of the artistic. process, the pressure under which the artistic fusion takes place that matters. T. S. Eliot completely dismisses the romantic theory of self-expression the experiences of a poet that were important to him as a man do not find much of place in his poetry. And all those elements in his poetry that are important to him has nothing to do with the personality of the poet. Therefore  Eliot completely dismisses William Wordsworth's theory. According to T.S.Eliot, "Poetry is not turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion . it is not expression of personality, but an escape from personality." 

               Eliot says that emotion of art is impersonal. It has nothing to do with the personal life of a poet. For example, there are some people who writes poem when they are very sad they express all their personal sadness all the personal emotions in the poem so they are following William Wordsworth's theory which says that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility whereas you can find some great poets who write about various themes. Such as the pain of the child labour surviving a natural disaster which has nothing to do with their personal life so these poets are following Eliot theory which says that poetry is not the expression of personality but rather an escape from personality. The artist can achieve this personality only by cultivating the 'Historical sense' by being conscious of the 'Poetic Tradition.' 

               According to Eliot every poem should be objective. Every poet should be objective and impersonal. 

Word count: 942 

Wordsworth's preface

Hello! I am divya parmar. I am writting this blog to complete my class activity or task which is given by dilip barad sar. This is the part of Bridge course: Wordsworth's preface. In this blog i cover the first question: What is your understanding of views expressed in wordsworth's preface.

➡️Who was Wordsworth?

William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798). Preface of Wordsworth is the second edition of Lyrics ballads. 

➡️ Wordsworth's preface : Lyrical Ballads

Lyrical Ballads was a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. That was First published in 1798 with short foreword (Begging of the Romantic age). The final volume of the Lyrical Ballads was published in 1802 with a revised and expanded preface.

'The Preface' is a critical statement by William Wordsworth, who wanted to free poetry from an artificial style of writing and bring it nearer to life, to the common people. The preface is decided into 4 parts: 

1️⃣ What is poetry?

2️⃣ Characteristics of poet

3️⃣ Value of poetry

4️⃣ Poetic Diction 

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What is poetry? 

William Wordsworth at first emphasized on the importance of spontaneous expression. He said that emotions or powerful feelings are the raw material needed to create a poem. Those emotions or powerful feelings must settle and mature until they arrive for delivery. Then the poet can sit in peace and recollect those powerful feelings and then with the help of his imagination he can write a beautiful poem. So this was William Wordsworth's own practice of writing a poem and according to Wordsworth such poetry touches the deepest gods of human heart. A poet can experience the beauty of ordinary life and capture those feelings then he sits in a peaceful place and recollect those powerful feelings, That he experienced. Finally with the help of his imagination, he writes a beautiful poem that can touches human heart. 

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➡️ Characteristics of good poet:                                

William Wordsworth said that there are three main characteristics of good poet: 

1️⃣ A good poet is exceptionally sensitive :

A good poet has a more comprehensive soul than other human beings that allows him to feel and empathize deeply. This allows him not only to feel what happens with him but also to feel what happens with other human beings. He can empathize and feel the pain and happiness of others. 

2️⃣ A good poet is "A man speaking to men":

William Wordsworth said that a good poet is a human being with the social responsibility. He does not write poems for self- indulgence but to uplift and enlighten other human beings according to Willing Wordsworth every great is a teacher. 

3️⃣ A good poet has an extraordinarily strongs imagination :

Imagination makes a poetry beautiful. So neaturally every good poet has a very strong imagination that allows him to write a great poems.

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➡️ Value of poetry : 

The universal function of poetry is to make readers sensitive and humane. Poetry does not merely provides pleasure, but teaches morals & philosophical values to the readers. In this materisltics age the mechanical and industrial age. Poetry is very much needed so that human beings do not become extremely materialistic. According to William Wordsworth, every great poet is a teacher. Poetry can refine and regenrate mankind poetry is the fruit and flower of human knowledge. Poetry is the image of man and neature. 

William Wordsworth believed that every poet has the social responsibility of strengthening and promoting human culture through his poetry.

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➡️ Poetic Diction/ Language : 

Wordsworth's views on poetic Diction were quite controversial at first he criticizes new classical writers such as John Dryden and Alexander pope for using artificial poetic Language. William Wordsworth was not against using smiles metaphors and figures of speech in a poem but he believed that figures of speech should be very organic to a poem they should not be added like mere ornaments.

William Wordsworth said that he will use the real Language of common man in his poetry. He further said that he will choose the Language of rustics. That is people living in villegers because just like their way of living their Language is also very very neatural.

William Wordsworth said that there cannot be any essential difference between the language of pem and prose.

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➡️ How Coleridge criticized wordsworth's views on poetic Diction in his critical work 'Biographia Literraria' :

So Coleridge at first said that what was wrong when he said that there cannot be any difference between the language of poetry and prose because what makes the language of poetry and prose difference is the use of meter. Further Coleridge said that, In poetry words are ordered arrenged in a very different way. Then how words are arrenged in prose for example ,

Prose= "She went to the park."

Poetry= "To the park, she went."

How words are differently ordered in poem therefore Coleridge said that the way words are ordered in a poem makes its language very different from the language of prose. Coleridge said that, 'Wordsworth's theory of poetic Diction was very different from Wordsworth's own practice of writting poems because Wordsworth wrote in a beautiful language that is lofty, impassioned and sustained. It is very different from the Language of common men and rustics. 

Finally Coleridge said that, the language of men varies on the basis of his knowledge, emotions & activities. No two men can speak in exact same manner. Therefore wordsworth's emphasis on using real language of common men makes little sense. Which is make by Coleridge.

Word count : 937

Dryden's essay on Dramatic poesy

          Hello! I am divya parmar. In this blog i am discussing about Dryden's essay on "Dramatic poesy" for complete my classroom task given by dilip barad sar. In this blog first i give some basic information about John Dryden and his essay on Dramatic poesy. After that I move to the question-answer section. 

➡️ who was John Dryden?

          John Dryden ( 19 August,1631 – 12 May, 1700) was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who was appointed England's first Poet Laureate in 1668. He is seen as dominating the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden. Romanticist writer Sir Walter Scott called him "Glorious John". He is known as "Father of English criticism" by Samuel Johnson. The character of John Dryden plays a vital role in development of English criticism. John Dryden wrote Dramatic poesy in French language cause he wants to satirical attack on French literature. He was great critic cause he attack on bad parts, he criticised bad parts but along with that he appreciate good parts also! 

➡️ Dryden's essay: Dramatic poesy

          Criticism flourished in England during the restoration of Stuarts. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy deals with the views of major critics and the tastes of men and women of the time of Dryden. The work is in the form of semi-drama thus making abstract theories interesting. In the late 17th century, Shakespeare was severely criticised for his careless attitude towards the mixing of genres. It was Dryden who elevated Shakespeare to height for his natural genius. 

          The beginning of the narrative An Essay of Dramatic Poesy or Of Dramatic Poesie is as follows. A battle is going on between England and the Netherlands.Four gentlemen namely Crites, Eugenius, Lisideius and Neander are travelling by boat to see the battle and start a discussion on modern literature. Crites opens the discussion by saying that none of his contemporaries (i.e. moderns) can equal the standards and the rules set by ancient Greeks and Romans. Eugenius restrains him from wasting time on finding demerits. He asks him to find relative merit in Greeks and Moderns. 

➡️ Question-Answer : 

1️⃣ 1) Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of Play?

Answer: yes, I can find difference between Aristotle's defination of tragedy and Dryden's defination of play. For that we have to read both definitions.

1. Aristotle's defination of Tragedy:

2. Dryden's defination of play: 

          so After understand the definition by both we can diffrenciate definition.  Aristotle says that tragedy is an imitation of an action Aristotle believes that there is natural pleasure in imitation where as Dryden define play as just and lively image of human nature representing it is passion and humorous and the change of fortune to which it is subject for the devite and instructions of man kind . 

2️⃣ If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of the Ancient or the Modern? Please give reasons.

Answer: If I have asked to give my personal predilection, I would like to be side of the modern. In Dramatic poesy there are four characters. Among them character of Crites supports Ancient and Eugenious supports the Moderns! Both Ancient and Modern have their own ideas and style to writing but somewhere and somewhere modern take ideas from Ancient. modern add their point of view, new ideas and different things according current time. So Modern literature is more appropriate according to me.

3️⃣ What would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play? 

Answer : In the play both the form poetic and prosaic both are important but my preference goes to poetic. Our life is in kind of prosaic dialogues. so as far poetic involves some interest, easily understanding and make it different.

word count: 651 words

Aristotle's poetics

          Hello! I am divya parmar. I am writing blog to complete task which is given by Dilip barad sar. In this blog I cover 3 questions among 5 questions. In this blog first of all I give brief information about Aristotle's poetics after that I answer the questions.

            ➡️Brief information about Aristotle's poetics:       

          Aristotle's Poetics, composed around 330 BCE, was most likely preserved in the form of students' lecture notes. This brief text, through its various interpretations and applications from the Renaissance onward, has had a profound impact on Western aesthetic philosophy and artistic production.

          The Poetics is in part Aristotle's response to his teacher, Plato, who argues in The Republic that poetry is representation of mere appearances and is thus misleading and morally suspect. Aristotle's approach to the phenomenon of poetry is quite different from Plato's. Fascinated by the intellectual challenge of forming categories and organizing them into coherent systems, Aristotle approaches literary texts as a natural scientist, carefully accounting for the features of each "species" of text. Rather than concluding that poets should be banished from the perfect society, as does Plato, Aristotle attempts to describe the social function, and the ethical utility, of art.

          In poetics Aristotle deals with the principles of poetics art in general and tragedy in particular on the basis of his analysis of existing Greek literature. Aristotle's observation on poetic do not necessarily apply to the literature produced later or in other countries. However, some of his observations are of general nature and applicable to the literature of any period and of any country. 

1. How far do you agree with Plato's objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers? name the texts ( novels, plays, poems, movies, tv soaps etc. which can be rightfully objected and banned with refference to Plato's objections.) 

➡️ I agree with Plato's objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers! Imagination, creative writing and imaginative though make people happy for sometime. this concept give them pleasure, enjoyment, happyness for sometime only! But the actual life of people conduct so many problems basies on reality. Apart from problem the creative writing and such imaginative poetry, movie,tv shows can make us happy for sometime but if we wont to live a good and practical life we have to think about Plato's objection. we can find so many tv shows, web series, movies, ads etc. started disguise the mind of people. The following examples are relate to the objection of Plato.

           Yes I am agree with Plato's objection but somewhere imagination is very important part to invention. imagination in literature is some kind of pleasure and entertainment but along with that it brings new invention also. Imagination become helpful also. so in my answer I discuss both side of imagination.

          Hear I talked about one cartoon movie namely: "Encanto". The movie is about the Madrigals family. the members of family are extraordinary and every one have such different megical power. In tailor we can see that the imaginative power of the writer of the story. he made character of Isabella who always connected with the bard of flowers and specially with roses. In movie so many characters have different type of megical power which make their life so easy, so beautiful! ofcourse they face problems but when we are comparing this movie to real life we can find it is not given any single solution from real life. this type of movie can not relate with real life. it can give pleasure us for sometime and after that we have nothing to take from the movie and adapting in real life. 

          The advertisement of cold drink make new trand in people! even advertisement are those kind of ways which can make simple cold drink to a great cold drink! The advertisement make a thing supirior or powerful! Let's understand by the advertisement: 

          How can it possible??? by just drink energy drink man generate electricity? so such kind of advertisement are just for disguise to people. The innocent children have no sense to understand this kind of things and over imagination like just drink cold drink and receive an instant energy or power! so this type of imagination can misleading the message.

          Apart from misleading by advertisement there are few advertisement Available which helps us to chenge the thinking of world. this kind of advertisement convey the social message in simple way! 

Question: 2 With references to the literary texts you have studied during B.A programme , write brief note on the text which followed Aristotelian literary Tradition (I.e. his concept of tragedy, catharsis, tragic hero with hamartia etc..) 

Answer: During my B.A programme I studied text namely "All My Sons" which is written by American play wrighter Arthur Miller. To understand concept of tragedy, tragic hero and hamartia we have to first look upon Aristotelian literary tradition or his views upon tragedy.

➡️ Aristotle's concept of Tragedy:

            Aristotle gives the concept of tragedy in his book 'poetics' which is written in Greek language. In his book he discusses tragedy as superior than comedy and epic. According to Aristotle,

               " Tragedy is an imitation [mimēsis] of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude…through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation [catharsis] of these emotions.” Ambiguous means may be employed, Aristotle maintains in contrast to Plato, to a virtuous and purifying end."

➡️ Aristotle give 6 elements of tragedy: 

➡️ All My Sons : concept of tragedy, catharsis, tragic hero with hamartia...

               All My Sons is an American play, set in a typical, suburban town in the backyard of a family home. The Keller’s are a family who live a life of tension and un-realistic aspirations after losing a son at war. As the Keller’s try to live a normal life they are left struggling when they are left to face dealing with the consequences of their actions these lead to the central tragedies of the play. All the six elements of tragedy we can find in All My Sons. 

    In any tragedy, we start with tragic hero, usually in his prime the hero is successful, respected and happy but he has some tragic flow that will ultimately cause his downfall. Tragedy depicts the downfall of hubris, fate and will of gods. In all my sons the catharsis of emotions plays a vital role. In the whole over story Joe Keller was not regretted any where but at the End when he found that he was only responsible for his own son's death, he find that Along with him who were died they all are like his sons. 

           The tragic hero is a great man who is neither a paragon of virtue and justice nor undergoes the change in misfortune through any real badness or wickedness but because of some mistakes he reached to his own downfall and Hamartia means 'sin' or 'error'. hamartia is a Greek word for 'sin' or 'error' which derives from the verb hamatanein. means 'to miss the mark' In other words hamartia refers to the hero's tragic flow. In 'All My Sons' we find that the protagonist or tragic hero is Joe Keller who find with hamartia of getting money. which take him to his own downfall.

Question:3 Have you studied any tragedies during B.A programme? who was/were the tragic protagonist is in those tragedies? what was their 'hamartia'?                                            

Answer: During my B.A programme I studied one tragedy "All My Sons". In this tragedy Joe Keller was the protagonist or tragic hero. In starting he is very successful, respected but his one error or hamartia take his to the tragic end. His willing to more money makes him criminal and cause of his hamartia he became reason of his own son's death.

          Joe Keller can be described as being tragic because his whole life was dedicated to his family and their well being but all his plans were undone by one fatally flawed decision. Joe is the typical small town America ‘everyman’, and is relatable to everyday life which complies with Aristotle’s Poetics that tragic characters should imitate life. Joe is thought to be tragic because he makes the mistake of lying about the cylinder head incident that led to Steve’s imprisonment. From this one event, it triggers a chain reaction of occurrences that drives the play, and pilots the themes that contribute to the tragic nature of Joe’s character. The recurring theme of money and profiteering from the war comes from Joe’s hamartia as he constantly justifies his actions by saying that everything he does is for his family; ‘Chris, I did it for you.’ This also shows that Keller is refusing to take responsibility for his actions and tries to put the blame onto his own son. 

word count: 1464 words

Reference: my own classnotes of B.A sem-1 , youtube.